Paradigms¶

Master¶

Case Endings¶

Table 1 - First and Second Declension

Table 2 - Third Declension

Table 1 First and Second Declension

Note: -The columns shaded in grey show the case ending WITH the final stem vowel.

The unshaded columns show the true case ending.

-The cells with a hyphen (-) indicate that there is no case ending.

The word ends with the theme vowel (or in some cases the theme vowel is lengthened).

Master Case Endings
Table 1

First and Second Declensions

Singular 2nd Declension
Masculine 1st Declension
Feminine 2nd Declension
Neuter

Nominative ος ς α η - ον ν

Genitive ου υ ας ης ς ου υ

Dative ῳ ι ᾳ ῃ ι ῳ ι

Accusative ον ν αν ην ν ον ν

Plural

Nominative οι ι αι αι ι α α

Genitive ων ων ων ων ων ων ων

Dative οις ις αις αις ις οις ις

Accusative ους υς ας ας ς α α

Table 2 Third Declension

Note: The columns shaded in grey and the unshaded columns are the same.

This is because Third Declension nouns (or adjectives) end in a consonant and do not have a final stem vowel as in Table 1.

The cells with a hyphen (-) indicate that there is no case ending.
Both the Masculine and the Feminine forms are identical for the Third Declension

Master Case Endings
Third Declension
	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
Singular
Nominative	ς -	ς	ς -	ς	-	-
Genitive	ος	ος	ος	ος	ος	ος
Dative	ι	ι	ι	ι	ι	ι
Accusative	α/ν	α/ν	α/ν	α/ν	-	-
Plural
Nominative	ες	ες	ες	ες	α	α
Genitive	ων	ων	ων	ων	ων	ων
Dative	σι(ν)	σι(ν)	σι(ν)	σι(ν)	σι(ν)	σι(ν)
Accusative	ας	ας	ας	ας	α	α

Verbs¶

Table 3 Examples of Verb Tenses in English and Greek

Table 4 Primary and Secondary Endings of Verbs

Table 5 Master Verb Tense Chart - Present and Imperfect Tenses

Table 6 Master Verb Tense Chart - The Future Tenses

Table 7 Master Verb Tense Chart - The Aorist Tenses

Table 8 Master Verb Tense Chart - The Perfect Tenses

Table 3 - Examples of Verb Tenses in English and Greek

Active voice – The subject does the action of the Verb

Middle Voice – The subject does the action of the verb but also is somehow affected by the action of the verb or is participating in the action of the verb (middle voice). Deponent verbs are verbs whose stem is middle or passive in form, but active in meaning. The definitions of many verbs that are classified as deponent have a meaning that implies the participation of the person doing the action.

Passive Voice – The subject receives the action of the verb.

	Past	Past Continuous	Perfect	Present	Future
Corresponds with	Aorist Tense	Imperfect Tense	Perfect Tense	Present Tense	Future Tense
Active Voice	I walked	I was walking	I had walked	I am walking (or I walk)	I will walk
Middle Voice	I walked for myself	I was walking for myself	I had walked for myself	I am walking for myself (or I walk myself)	I will walk myself
Passive Voice	I was walked	I was being walked	I had been walked	I am being walked	I will be walked
Passive Voice	I was fed	I was being fed	I had been fed	I am being fed	I will be fed

Table 4 Primary and Secondary Endings of Verbs

Primary and Secondary Endings of Verbs Table 4
Primary					Secondary
	regular			alternate	regular			alternate
Active
1 singular	λύω	ο	-	μι	ἒλυον	ο	ν
2 singular	λύεις	ε	ς		ἒλυες	ε	ς
3 singular	λύει	ε	ι	σι (ν)	ἒλυε (ν)	ε	ε

1 plural	λύομεν	ο	μεν		ἐλύομεν	ο	μεν
2 plural	λύετε	ε	τε		ἐλύετε	ε	τε
3 plural	λύουσι (ν)	ο	νσι (ν)	ασι (ν)	ἒλυον	ο	ν	σαν
Middle/ Passive
1 singular	λύομαι	ο	μαι		ἐλυόμην	ο	μην
2 singular	λύῃ	ε	σαι		ἐλύου	ε	σο
3 singular	λύεται	ε	ται		ἐλύετο	ε	το

1 plural	λυόμεθα	ο	μεθα		ἐλυόμεθα	ο	μεθα
2 plural	λύεσθε	ε	σθε		ἐλύεσθε	ε	σθε
3 plural	λύονται	ο	νται		ἐλύοντο	ο	ντο

[Note]

The “-” indicates there is no personal ending.
The omega (ω) at the end of the first person singular verb is the lengthened connecting vowel “ο” which lengthens to an “ω”.
Third person plural ending - the “ν” drops out because it is followed by a sigma and the connecting vowel “o” lengthens to compensate for the missing “v”. Therefore, λυ + ο + νσι becomes λυ + ου + σι -> λύουσι

Table 5 - Master Verb Tense Chart - Present and Imperfect Tenses

Master Verb Tense Chart 5 Present and Imperfect Tenses
	Augment	Stem Tense	Tense Formative	Connecting Vowel	Personal Ending	first Singular
Present Active		present		ο / ε	primary active	λύω
Present Middle/Passive		present		ο / ε	primary middle/ passive	λύομαι
Imperfect Active	ε	present		ο / ε	secondary Active	ἔλυον
Imperfect Middle/Passive	ε	present		ο / ε	secondary middle/ passive	ἐλυόμην

Table 6 - Master Verb Tense Chart - Future Tenses

Master Verb Tense Chart 6 Future Tenses
	Augment	Stem Tense	Tense Formative	Connecting Vowel	Personal Ending	first Singular
Future Active		present	σ	ο / ε	primary active	λύσω
Future Middle		present	σ	ο / ε	primary middle/ passive	λύσομαι
Liquid Future Active		present	εσ	ο / ε	primary active	κρινῶ
Liquid Future Middle		present	εσ	ο / ε	primary middle/ passive	κρινοῦμαι
First Future Passive		aorist passive	θησ	ο / ε	primary middle/ passive	λυθήσομαι
Second Future Passive		aorist passive	ησ	ο / ε	primary middle/ passive	χαρήσομαι

Table 7 Master Verb Tense Chart - The Aorist Tenses

Master Verb Tense Chart 7 Aorist tenses
	Augment	Stem Tense	Tense Formative	Connecting Vowel	Personal Ending	first Singular
1st Aorist Active	ε	Aorist Active	σα		Secondary Active	ἔλυσα
Liquid Aorist Active	ε	Aorist Active	α		Secondary Active	ἔκρινα
2nd Aorist Active	ε	Aorist Active		ο / ε	Secondary Active	ἔλαβον
1st Aorist Middle	ε	Aorist Active	σα		Secondary middle/ passive	ἐλυσάμην
2nd Aorist Middle	ε	Aorist Active		ο / ε	Secondary middle/ passive	ἐγενόμην
1st Aorist Passive	ε	Aorist Passive	θη		Secondary Active	ἐλύθην
2nd Aorist Passive	ε	Aorist Passive	η		Secondary Active	ἐχάρην

Table 8 - The Perfect Tenses

Master Verb Tense Chart 8 Perfect Tenses
	Reduplication	Stem Tense	Tense Formative	Connecting Vowel	Personal Ending	first Singular
1st Perfect Active	λε	Perfect Active	κα		Primary Active	λέλυκα
2nd Perfect Active	γε	Perfect Active	α		Primary Active	γέγραφα
Perfect Middle/ Passive	λε	Perfect Passive			Primary Middle/ passive	λέλυμαι

[Note]: Perfect tenses do not have an augment, but do experience reduplication of the initial consonant at the beginning of the word. The initial consonant is then followed by an epsilon.

Contractions and Stops¶

Table 9 - Contractions of Single Vowels

Table 10 - Contractions of Vowels with Dipthongs

Table 11 - Square of Stops

Table 9 - Contractions of Single Vowels

Contractions of Single Vowels Table 9
	α	ε	η	ι	υ	ο	ω
α	α	α	α	αι	αυ	ω	ω
ε	η	ει	η	ει	ευ	ου	ω
η	η	η	η	ῃ	ηυ	ω	ω
ο	ω	ου	ω	οι	ου	ου	ω
ω	ω	ω	ω	ῳ	ωυ	ω	ω

Table 10 - Contractions of Vowels with Diphthongs

Contractions of Vowels and Diphthongs Table 10
	α/αι	ει	ει	ῃ	οι	ου	ῳ
α	ᾳ	ᾳ	ει	ῃ	ῳ	ω	ῳ
ε	ῃ	ει	ει	ῃ	οι	ου	ῳ
η	ῃ	ῃ	ῃ	ῃ	ῳ		ῳ
ο	ῳ	οι	ου	οι	οι	ου	ῳ

[Note: the shaded rows are for diphthongs that were formed by a contraction] The rules for combining a vowel with a dipthong are as follows:

a vowel disappears by absorbtion before a diphthong that begins with the same vowel.

When a vowel comes before a diphthong that does not begin with the same vowel, it is contracted with the dipthong’s first vowel. The dipthong’s second vowel disappears, unless it is an iota (ι) in which case it becomes a subscript.

Any vowel (except ο) combining with ῃ will result in ῃ

ο +ει and ε + οι(If they are not formed from a contraction) and ο + ῃ make οι

ο +ει and ε + ου (if they are formed from a contraction) make ου

Table 11 Square of Stops

The following table shows common contractions that occur when the stem of a word ends in a “stop”. A stop is a consonant whose sound is formed by stopping or slowing down the flow of air through the mouth. Stops are classified as Labial (formed by the lips), Velar (formed by pushing the tongue against the roof of the mouth), of Dental (formed by the tongue against the teeth).

The following chart shows what will happen when the stop is followed by either a sigma (σ) or a theta (θ).

Square of Stops Table 11
	Voiceless	Voiced	Aspirated	+ σ	+ θ
Labial	π	β	φ	ψ	φ
Velar	κ	γ	χ	ξ	χ
Dental	τ	δ	θ	σ	σ

Nouns¶

First Declension¶

N-1 Nouns of the first declension ending in α or η in the nominative singular are declined as follows:

single	beginning_ruler	day
Nominative_Vocative	ἀρχή	ἡμέρα
Genitive	ἀρχῆς	ἡμέρας
Dative	ἀρχῇ	ἡμέρᾳ
Accusative	ἀρχήν	ἡμέραν

plural
Nominative_Vocative	ἀρχαί	ἡμέραι
Genitive	ἀρχῶν	ἡμερῶν
Dative	ἀρχαῖς	ἡμέραις
Accusative	ἀρχάς	ἡμέρας

N-2 Nouns of the first declension ending in an ης or ας in the nominative singular are masculine and are declined as follows:

single	prophet	young man
Nominative	προφήτης	νεανίας
Vocative	προφῆτα	νεανία
Genitive	προφήτου	νεανίου
Dative	προφήτῃ	νεανίᾳ
Accusative	προφήτην	νεανίαν

plural
Nominative	προφῆται	νεανίαι
Vocative	προφῆται	νεανίαι
Genitive	προφητῶν	νεανιῶν
Dative	προφήταις	νεανίαις
Accusative	προφήτας	νεανίας

N-3 Nouns of the first declension ending in an α in the Nominative singular not preceded by a vowel or the letter ρ are declined as follows:

single	glory
Nominative_Vocative	δόξα
Genitive	δόξης
Dative	δόξῃ
Accusative	δόξαν

plural
Nominative_Vocative	δόξαι
Genitive	δοξῶν
Dative	δόξαις
Accusative	δόξας

N-4 Second Declension¶

Nouns of the second declension ending in ος in the Nominative singular are almost always masculine. All nouns ending in ον in the Nominative singuar are Neuter. Note that the Nominative, Accussative, and Vocative case of neuter nouns are the same. Note that the case endings for masculine and neuter nouns in the second declensions are the same in the Genitive case and the Dative case.

Single	ος	*ον
	word	work_deed
Nominative	λόγος	ἔργον
Vocative	λόγε	ἔργον
Genitive	λόγου	ἔργου
Dative	λόγῳ	έργῳ
Accusative	λόγον	ἔργον

plural
Nominative_Vocative	λόγοι	ἔργα
Genitive	λόγων	ἔργων
Dative	λόγοις	ἔργοις
Accusative	λόγους	ἔργα

Third Declension¶

Third declension nouns have stems that end (1) in a consonant or (2) in a vowel, generally ι, υ, or ευ.

Notes on the formation of the vocative singular

if the stem ends in a mute letter such as φύλαξ or a liquid letter (λ,μ,ν,ρ) AND IS ACCENTED ON THE FINAL SYLLABLE, then the vocative is the same as the nominative.

-Nouns not accented on the last syllable, and all other nouns in the third declension have the vocative like the stem. -exception Nouns with stems ending in ιδ (έλιπίς) form the vocative by dropping the final consonant -exception The vocative for σωτήρ is σῶτερ.

Dative plural - When σι is added to the dative plural the same consonantal changes occur that happened in the nominative singular.

N-5 Stems ending with a consonant (can be masculine or feminine) are declined as follows:

stem	ending	γυνή
single		woman_wife
Nominative	various	γυνή
Vocative	generally same as nominative or stem	γύναι
Genitive	ος	γυναικός
Dative	ι	γυναικί
Accusative	α	γυναῖκα

Plural
Nominative	ες	γυναῖκες
Vocative	ες	γυναῖκες
Genitive	ων	γυναικῶν
Dative	σι(ν)	γυναιξί(ν)
Accusative	ας	γυναῖκας

Note: in this example for the dative plural the κ and the ς contract to form ξ (γυναικ + ςι -> γυναιξί)

N-6 Stems ending in a mute (or silent) letter are declined as follows:

stem	φυλακ	σαλπιγγ	ὁδοντ	ἐλπιδ

single	guard	trumpet	tooth	hope
Nominative	φύλαξ	σάλπιγξ	ὀδούς	ἐλπίς
Vocative	φύλαξ	σάλπιγξ	ὀδούς	ἐλπί
Genitive	φύλακος	σάλπιγγος	ὀδόντος	ἐλπίδος
Dative	φύλακι	σάλπιγγι	ὀδόντι	ἐλπίδι
Accusative	φύλακα	σάλπιγγα	ὀδόντα	ἐλπίδα

Plural
Nominative	φύλακες	σάλπιγγες	ὀδόντες	ἐλπίδες
Vocative	φύλακες	σάλπιγγες	ὀδόντες	ἐλπίδες
Genitive	φυλάκων	σαλπίγγων	ὀδόντων	ἐλπίδων
Dative	φύλαξι	σάλπιγξι	ὀδοῦσι	ἐλπίσι
Accusative	φύλακας	σάλπιγγας	ὀδόντας	ἐλπίδας

N-7 Stems ending in a liquid letter (λ,μ,ν,ρ)

stem	ποιμεν	αἰων	ἡγεμον	σωτερ	κυν
	shepherd	age	leader	saviour	dog
single
Nominative	ποιμήν	αἰών	ἡγεμών	σωτήρ	κύων
Vocative	ποιμήν	αἰών	ἡγεμών	σωτήρ	κύων
Genitive	ποιμένος	αἰῶνος	ἡγεμόνος	σωτῆρος	κυνός
Dative	ποιμένι	αἰῶνι	ἡγεμόνι	σωτῆρι	κυνί
Accusative	ποιμένα	αἰῶνα	ἡγεμόνα	σωτῆρα	κυνά

Plural
Nominative	ποιμένες	αἰῶνες	ἡγεμόνες	σωτῆρες	κύνες
Vocative	ποιμένες	αἰῶνες	ἡγεμόνες	σωτῆρες	κύνες
Genitive	ποιμένων	αἰώνων	ἡγεμόνων	σωτήρων	κυνῶν
Dative	ποιμέσι(ν)	αἰῶσι(ν)	ἡγεμόσι(ν)	σωτῆρσι(ν)	κυσί(ν)
Accusative	ποιμένας	αἰῶνας	ἡγεμόνας	σωτῆρας	κύνας

N-8 Stems ending in a vowel (ι,υ,ευ)

stem	πολι	ιχθυ	βασιλευ
	city	fish	king
single
Nominative	πόλις	ἰχθύς	βασιλεύς
Vocative	πόλι	ἰχθύ	βασιλεῦ
Genitive	πόλεως	ἰχθύος	βασιλέως
Dative	πόλει	ἰχθύι	βασιλεῖ
Accusative	πόλιν	ἰχθύν	βασιλέα

Plural
Nominative	πόλεις	ἰχθύες	βασιλεῖς
Vocative	πόλεις	ἰχθύες	βασιλεῖς
Genitive	πόλεων	ἰχθύων	βασιλέων
Dative	πόλεσι	ἰχθύσι	βασιλεῦσι
Accusative	πόλεις	ιχθύας	βασιλεῖς (or βασιλέας)

N-8 Neuter Nouns of the third declension: -Note: All nouns with a stem ending in ματ are neuter nouns -Note: Third declension Neuter nouns (like the second declension) have the same ending in the Nominative, Vocative, and accusative singular. -Note: Third declension Neuter nouns in the nominative, vocative, and accusative plural end in α except neuter nouns with stems ending in ες.

stem	γραμματ	φωτ	γενες

single	letter	light	race_people
Nominative_vocative	γράμμα	φῶς	γένος
Genitive	γράμματος	φωτός	γένους
Dative	γράμματι	φωτί	γένει
Accusative	γράμμα	φῶς	γένος

Plural
Nominative_Vocative	γράμματα	φῶτα	γένη
Genitive	γραμμάτων	φώτων	γενέων (or γενῶν)
Dative	γράμμασι		γένεσι
Accusative	γράμματα	φῶτα	γένη

N-9 Irregular nouns of the third declension

stem	πατρ	ανδρ

single	father	man_husband
Nominative	πατήρ	ἀνήρ
Vocative	πάτερ	ἄνερ
Genitive	πατρός	ἀνδρός
Dative	πατρί	ἀνδρί
Accusative	πατέρα	ἄνδρα

Plural
Nominative	πατέρες	ἄνδρες
Vocative	πατέρες	ἄνδρες
Genitive	πατέρων	ἀνδρῶν
Dative	πατράσι	ἀνδράσι
Accusative	πατέρας	ἄνδρας

Pronouns¶

paradigm_pronoun

Table r1 - The Article - (ὁ,ἡ,τό)¶

The article appears approximately 19,723 times in the Greek New Testament. It functions as a pronoun in 16% of the occurrences. 84% of the time it functions as the definite article.

r1 (2-1-2) (ὁ *the/he,she,it*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	ὁ	ἡ	τό
Genitive	τοῦ	τῆς	τοῦ
Dative	τῷ	τῇ	τῷ
Accusative	τόν	τήν	τό
Plural
Nominative	οἱ	αἱ	τά
Genitive	τῶν	τῶν	τῶν
Dative	τοῖς	ταῖς	τοῖς
Accusative	τούς	τάς	τά

The relative pronoun (2-1-2) (neuter in “ο”)¶

r2 (2-1-2) (ὅς *who,which*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	ὅς	ἥ	ὅ
Genitive	οὗ	ἧς	οὗ
Dative	ᾧ	ᾗ	ᾧ
Accusative	ὅν	ἥν	ὅ
Plural
Nominative	οἵ	αἵ	ἅ
Genitive	ὧν	ὧν	ὧν
Dative	οἷς	αἷς	οἷς
Accusative	οὕς	ἅς	ἅ

Personal Pronouns¶

Table r3 - (ἐγώ, σύ) Table r4 - (αὐτός)

Note: ἐγώ and σύ do not have gender

Table r3 - (ἐγώ, σύ)

r3 -ἐγώ (I) σύ (*you*)¶
Singular	1st person	2nd person
Nominative	ἐγώ	σύ
Genitive	μου (ἐμοῦ)	σοῦ (σου)
Dative	μοι (ἐμοί)	σοί (σοι)
Accusative	με (ἐμέ)	σέ (σε)
Plural
Nominative	ἡμεῖς	ὑμεῖς
Genitive	ἡμῶν	ὑμῶν
Dative	ἡμῖν	ὑμῖν
Accusative	ἡμᾶς	ὑμᾶς

Table r4 αὐτός

r4 (2-1-2) *αὐτός* (he,she,it,they)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	αὐτός	αὐτή	αὐτό
Genitive	αὐτοῦ	αὐτῆς	αὐτοῦ
Dative	αὐτῷ	αὐτῇ	αὐτῷ
Accusative	αὐτόν	αὐτήν	αὐτό
Plural
Nominative	αὐτοί	αὐταί	αὐτά
Genitive	αὐτῶν	αὐτῶν	αὐτῶν
Dative	αὐτοῖς	αὐταῖς	αὐτοῖς
Accusative	αὐτούς	αὐτάς	αὐτά

Demonstrative pronoun – οὗτος,ἐκεῖνος¶

Table r5 - οὗτος Table r6 - ἐκεῖνος

Table r5 - οὗτος

r5 (2-1-2) (οὗτος - *this*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	οὗτος	αὗτη	τοῦτο
Genitive	τούτου	ταύτης	τούτου
Dative	τούτῳ	ταύτῃ	τούτῳ
Accusative	τοῦτον	ταύτην	τοῦτο
Plural
Nominative	οὗτοι	αὗται	ταῦτα
Genitive	τούτων	τούτων	τούτων
Dative	τούτοις	ταύταις	τούτοις
Accusative	τούτους	ταύτας	ταῦτα

Table r6 - ἐκεῖνος

r6 (2-1-2) (ἐκεῖνος *that*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	ἐκεῖνος	ἐκείνη	ἐκεῖνο
Genitive	ἐκείνου	ἐκείνης	ἐκείνου
Dative	ἐκείνῳ	ἐκείνῃ	ἐκείνῳ
Accusative	ἐκεῖνον	ἐκείνην	ἐκεῖνο
Plural
Nominative	ἐκεῖνοι	ἐκεῖναι	ἐκεῖνα
Genitive	ἐκείνων	ἐκείνων	ἐκείνων
Dative	ἐκείνοις	ἐκείναις	ἐκείνοις
Accusative	ἐκείνους	ἐκείνας	ἐκεῖνα

Interrogative pronoun – τίς¶

Table r7 -stems ending in a nu NOTE: The masculine and feminine declensions are identical.

r7 (3-3-3) (τίς *Who?What?Which?Why?*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	τίς	τίς	τί
Genitive	τίνος	τίνος	τίνος
Dative	τίνι	τίνι	τίνι
Accusative	τίνα	τίνα	τί
Plural
Nominative	τίνες	τίνες	τίνα
Genitive	τίνων	τίνων	τίνων
Dative	τίσι(ν)	τίσι(ν)	τίσι(ν)
Accusative	τίνας	τίνας	τίνα

Reflexive Pronouns - ἐμαυτοῦ, σεαυτοῦ¶

**Table R8 (ἐμαθτοῦ, σεαυτοῦ)

Note: - Reflexive pronouns do not appear in the nominative case because they reflect back on the subject of the sentence. - Reflexive pronouns do not occur in the neuter, only in masculine or feminine. - σεαυτοῦ does not occur in the New Testament in the plural, but we have included it here for completeness.

r8 (2-1) (ἐμαυτοῦ - *of myself*, σεαυτοῦ - *of yourself* )¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	ἐμαυταῦ		σεαυτοῦ
Genitive	ἐμαυτοῦ	ἐμαυτῆς	σεαυτοῦ	σεαυτῆς
Dative	ἐμαυτῷ	ἐμαυτῇ	σεαυτῷ	σεαυτῇ
Accusative	ἐμαυτόν	ἐμαυτήν	σεαυτόν	σεαυτήν
Plural
Genitive	ἑαυτῶν	ἑαυτῶν	σεαυτῶν	σεαυτῶν
Dative	ἑαυτοῖς	ἑαυταῖς	σεαυτοῖς	σεαυταῖς
Accusative	ἑαυτούς	ἑαυτάς	σεαυτούς	σεαυτάς

Adjectives¶

paradigm_adjective

Adjectives are described by a three number combination that describes the way they are declined. (2-1-2) or (3-1-3), and so on. The three numbers correspond to masculine, feminine, and neuter in that order. The number describes the declension pattern of adjective (1-first declension, 2-second declension, and 3-third declension). Therefore a 2-1-2 pattern will follow the second declension for masculine adjectives, the first declension for feminine adjectives, and the second declension for neuter adjectives.

2-1-2 uncontracted adjectives¶

Tables a1 through a3 give the paradigms for uncontracted 2-1-2 adjectives.

Table a1 - uncontracted adjectives without a vowel shift in the feminine
Table a2 - uncontracted adjectives with a vowel shift in the feminine
Table a3 - uncontracted with an omicron in the neuter.

Table a1 - uncontracted adjectives without a vowel shift in the feminine

In the feminine declension, the final vowel will remain an alpha, and not lengthen to an eta, for adjectives that have a vowel or the letter rho (ρ) immediately preceding the case ending.

a1 (2-1-2) (ἃγioς *holy*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	ἅγιος	ἁγία	ἅγιον
Vocative	ἅγιε	ἁγία	ἅγιον
Genitive	ἁγίου	ἁγιάς	ἁγίου
Dative	ἁγίῳ	ἁγἰᾳ	ἁγίῳ
Accusative	ἃγιον	ἁγίαν	ἃγιον
Plural
Nominative_Vocative	ἃγιοι	ἃγιαι	ἃγια
Genitive	ἁγίων	ἁγίων	ἁγίων
Dative	ἁγίοις	ἁγίαις	ἁγίοις
Accusative	ἁγίους	ἁγίας	ἃγια

Table a2 - uncontracted with a vowel shift in the feminine

When the letter immediately preceding the case ending for an adjective is not a vowel or the letter “ρ” the final vowel lengthens in the feminine declension.

a2 (2-1-2) (ἀγαθός *good*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	ἀγαθός	ἀγαθή	ἀγαθόν
Vocative	ἀγαθέ	ἀγαθή	ἀγαθόν
Genitive	ἀγαθοῦ	ἀγαθῆς	ἀγαθοῦ
Dative	ἀγαθῷ	ἀγαθῇ	ἀγαθῷ
Accusative	ἀγαθόν	ἀγαθήν	ἀγαθόν
Plural
Nominative_Vocative	ἀγαθοί	ἀγαθαί	ἀγαθά
Genitive	ἀγαθῶν	ἀγαθῶν	ἀγαθῶν
Dative	ἀγαθοῖς	ἀγαθαῖς	ἀγαθοῖς
Accusative	ἀγαθούς	ἀγαθάς	ἀγαθά

Table a3 - uncontracted with an omicron in the neuter

a3 (2-1-2) (ἂλλος *other, another*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	ἂλλος	ἂλλη	ἂλλο
Genitive	ἂλλου	ἂλλης	ἂλλου
Dative	ἂλλῳ	ἂλλῃ	ἂλλῳ
Accusative	ἂλλον	ἂλλην	ἂλλο
Plural
Nominative	ἄλλοι	ἄλλαι	ἂλλα
Genitive	ἂλλων	ἂλλων	ἂλλων
Dative	ἂλλοις	ἂλλαις	ἂλλοις
Accusative	ἂλλους	ἂλλας	ἂλλα

2-1-2 contract adjectives¶

Note: The circumflex accent should help the reader to recognize the contraction.

a4 (2-1-2) (ἁπλοῦς *single, sincere*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	ἁπλοῦς	ἁπλῆ	ἁπλοῦν
Genitive	ἁπλοῦ	ἁπλῆς	ἁπλοῦ
Dative	ἁπλῷ	ἁπλῇ	ἁπλῷ
Accusative	ἁπλοῦν	ἁπλῆν	ἁπλοῦν
Plural
Nominative	ἁπλοῖ	ἁπλαῖ	ἁπλᾶ
Genitive	ἁπλῶν	ἁπλῶν	ἁπλῶν
Dative	ἁπλοῖς	ἁπλαῖς	ἁπλοῖς
Accusative	ἁπλοῦς	ἁπλᾶς	ἁπλᾶ

2-1-2 special paradigms¶

The stem for μέγας is μεγαλ and the stem for πολύς is πολλ. Note that in the nominative and accusative masculine and neuter in the singular, the stem drops a lambda.

Table a5 - μέγας
Table a6 - πολύς

Table a5 - μέγας

a5 (2-1-2) (μέγας *great*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	μέγας	μεγάλη	μέγα
Genitive	μεγάλου	μεγάλης	μεγάλου
Dative	μεγάλῳ	μεγάλῃ	μεγάλῳ
Accusative	μέγαν	μεγάλην	μέγα
Plural
Nominative	μεγάλοι	μεγάλαι	μεγάλα
Genitive	μεγάλων	μεγάλων	μεγάλων
Dative	μεγάλοις	μεγάλαις	μεγάλοις
Accusative	μεγάλους	μεγάλας	μεγάλα

Table a6 -πολῦς

a6 (2-1-2) (πολύς *much, great*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	πολύς	πολλή	πολὐ
Genitive	πολλοῦ	πολλῆς	πολλοῦ
Dative	πολλῷ	πολλῇ	πολλῷ
Accusative	πολύν	πολλήν	πολύ
Plural
Nominative	πολλοί	πολλαί	πολλά
Genitive	πολλῶν	πολλῶν	πολλῶν
Dative	πολλοῖς	πολλαῖς	πολλοῖς
Accusative	πολλούς	πολλάς	πολλά

3-1-3 Adjectives¶

The 3-1-3 adjectives (tables a7 and a8) are divided into two groups:

Table a7 is the paradigm for πᾶς (all, every).
Table a8 is the paradigm for ταχύς (quick, speedy).

The paradigm for the number one also follows a 3-1-3 pattern but is listed with the cardinals in table a12 below.

Table a7 - πᾳς πᾶς (3-1-3) adjective

The root for πᾶς is παντ This is a very important paradigm to know because it also serves as a model for active and aorist passive participles.

a7 (3-1-3) (πᾶς *all, every*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	πᾶς	πᾶσα	πᾶν
Genitive	παντός	πάσης	παντός
Dative	παντί	πάσῃ	παντί
Accusative	πάντα	πᾶσαν	πᾶν
Plural
Nominative	πάντες	πᾶσαι	πάντα
Genitive	πάντων	πασῶν	πάντων
Dative	πᾶσι(ν)	πάσαις	πᾶσι(ν)
Accusative	πάντας	πάσας	πάντα

Table a8 - ταχύς

a8 (3-1-3) (ταχύς *quick, speedy*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	ταχύς	ταχεῖα	ταχῦ
Genitive	ταχέως	ταχείας	ταχέως
Dative	ταχεῖ	ταχείᾳ	ταχεῖ
Accusative	ταχύν	ταχεῖαν	ταχῦ
Plural
Nominative	ταχεῖς	ταχεῖαι	ταχέα
Genitive	ταχέων	ταχειῶν	ταχέων
Dative	ταχέσι(ν)	ταχείαις	ταχέσι(ν)
Accusative	ταχεῖς	ταχείας	ταχέα

(2-2-2) άμαρτωλός¶

In this category there are eight adjectives that will sometimes follow the 2-2-2 pattern and sometimes their respective 2-1-2 pattern with a feminine ending of alpha or eta.

Note that the masculine and feminine declensions are identical in the 2-2-2 pattern.

Table a9 - ἁμαρτωλός

a9 (2-2-2) (ἁμαρτωλός *sinful*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	ἁμαρτωλός	ἁμαρτωλός	άμαρτωλόν
Vocative	ἁμαρτωλέ	ἁμαρτωλέ	ἁμαρτωλόν
Genitive	ἁμαρτωλοῦ	ἁμαρτωλοῦ	ἁμαρτωλοῦ
Dative	ἁμαρτωλῷ	ἁμαρτωλῷ	ἁμαρτωλῷ
Accusative	ἁμαρτωλόν	ἁμαρτωλόν	ἁμαρτωλόν
Plural
Nominative_vocative	ἁμαρτωλοί	ἁμαρτωλοί	ἁμαρτωλά
Genitive	ἁματωλῶν	ἁμαρτωλῶν	ἁμαρτωλῶν
Dative	ἁμαρτωλοῖς	ἁμαρτωλοῖς	ἁμαρτωλοῖς
Accusative	ἁμαρτωλούς	ἁμαρτωλούς	ἁμαρτωλά

(3-3-3) adjectives¶

3-3-3 adjectives are divided into two groups.

Table a10 is the paradigm for stems ending in ες.
Table a11 is the paradigm for stems ending in ον

Note that the masculine and feminine conjugations are the same for 3-3-3 adjectives.

Table a10 - αληθής

a10 (3-3-3) (ἀληθής *true*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	ἀληθής	ἀληθής	ἀληθές
Genitive	ἀληθοῦς	ἀληθοῦς	ἀληθοῦς
Dative	ἀληθεῖ	ἀληθεῖ	ἀληθεῖ
Accusative	ἀληθῆ	ἀληθῆ	ἀληθές
Plural
Nominative	ἀληθεῖς	ἀληθεῖς	ἀληθῆ
Genitive	ἀληθῶν	ἀληθῶν	ἀληθῶν
Dative	ἀληθέσι(ν)	ἀληθέσι(ν)	ἀληθέσι(ν)
Accusative	ἀληθεῖς	ἀληθεῖς	ἀληθῆ

Table a11 - μείζων

a11 (3-3-3) (μείζων *greater*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	μείζων	μείζων	μεῖζον
Genitive	μείζονος	μείζονος	μείζονος
Dative	μείζονι	μείζονι	μείζονι
Accusative	μείζονα (μείζω)	μείζονα (μείζω)	μεῖζον
Plural
Nominative	μείζονες (μείζους)	μείζονες (μείζους)	μείζονα (μείζω)
Genitive	μειζόνων	μειζόνων	μειζόνων
Dative	μείζοσι(ν)	μείζοσι(ν)	μείζοσι(ν)
Accusative	μείζονας (μείζους)	μείζονας (μείζους)	μείζονα (μείζω)

μείζω is an alternative form for μείζονα in the masculine and feminine accusative singular, and in the nominative and accusative neuter plural.

μείζους is an alternative form for μείζονες in the masculine and feminine nominative plural, *and for μείζονας in the masculine and feminine accustive plural.

Cardinals (numerals)¶

The following four tables are for the declension of the cardinal numbers one through four. One follows a 3-1-3 pattern but only occurs in the singular. The numbers two through four only occur in the plural. Two is the same in the nominative, genetive, and accusative cases.

Table a12 - εἷς (one)
Table a13 - δὑο (two)
Table a14 - τρεῖς (three)
Table a15 - τέσσαρες (four)

Table a12 - εἷς

a12 (3-1-3) (εἷς *one*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular
Nominative	εἷς	μία	ἕν
Genitive	ἑνός	μιᾶς	ἑνός
Dative	ἑνί	μιᾷ	ἑνί
Accusative	ἑνά	μίαν	ἕν

Table a13 - δύο

a13 (δύο *two*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Plural
Nominative	δύο	δύο	δύο
Genitive	δύο	δύο	δύο
Dative	δυσί	δυσί	δυσί
Accusative	δύο	δύο	δύο

Table a14 - τρεῖς

Note that the masculine and feminine declension is identical.

a14 (3-3-3) (τρεῖς *three*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Plural
Nominative	τρεῖς	τρεῖς	τρία
Genitive	τριῶν	τριῶν	τριῶν
Dative	τρισί(ν)	τρισί(ν)	τρισί(ν)
Accusative	τρεῖς	τρεῖς	τρία

Table a15 - τέσσαρες

a15 (3-3-3) (τέσσαρες *four*)¶
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Plural
Nominative	τέσσαρες	τέσσαρες	τέσσαρα
Genitive	τεσσάρων	τεσσάρων	τεσσάρων
Dative	τέσσαρσι(ν)	τέσσαρσι(ν)	τέσσαρσι(ν)
Accusative	τέσσαρας (τέσσαρες)	τέσσαρας (τέσσαρες)	τέσσαρα

Verbs Indicative Thematic¶

paradigm_verbs_indicative_thematic

Table V-IT-1a Indicative Thematic Present Tense verbs

[Note] - The middle and passive voices are presented together because they are identical in form. The reader (or translator) will have to make their decision as to the intended voice based on context.

[Note] Thematic verbs are verbs that use a “theme” vowel (or “connecting vowel”) between the verbal stem and the personal ending in the present indicative. The theme vowel is always an omicron (ο) or an epsilon (ε). [See Verbal_Parts ]

Verbs with a theme vowel (Present Tense Verbs) (Based on Present Tense Stem) Table V-IT-1a
	Present Active				Present Middle/Passive
		Contract				Contract
Singular		-αω	-εω	-οω		-αω	-εω	-οω
1 person	λύω	γεννῶ	ποιῶ	πληρῶ	λύομαι	γεννῶμαι	ποιοῦμαι	πληροῦμαι
2 person	λύεις	γεννᾷς	ποιεῖς	πληροῖς	λύῃ	γεννᾷ	ποιῇ	πληροῖ
3 person	λύει	γεννᾷ	ποιεῖ	πληροῖ	λύεται	γεννᾶται	ποιεῖται	πληροῦται
Plural
1 person	λύομεν	γεννῶμεν	ποιοῦμεν	πληροῦμεν	λυόμεθα	γεννώμεθα	ποιούμεθα	πληρούμεθα
2 person	λύετε	γεννᾶτε	ποιεῖτε	πληροῦτε	λύεσθε	γεννᾶσθε	ποιεῖσθε	πληροῦσθε
3 person	λύουσι(ν)	γεννῶσι(ν)	ποιοῦσι(ν)	πληροῦσι(ν)	λύονται	γεννῶνται	ποιοῦνται	πληρῦνται

Table V-IT-1b Indicative Thematic Imperfect Tense verbs